General Surgery

Endocrine surgery is a subspecialty of surgery that involves the surgical treatment of conditions affecting the endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pancreas. This type of surgery may be performed to remove tumors or abnormal growths, to correct hormonal imbalances, or to relieve symptoms caused by endocrine disorders. Endocrine surgeons typically work closely with endocrinologists, who are medical doctors who specialize in the treatment of conditions affecting the endocrine system.

Endoscopy is a non-surgical procedure that allows a doctor to examine the inside of a person’s body using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end. Gastroscopy, also known as esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), is a type of endoscopy that is used to examine the inside of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Colonoscopy, on the other hand, is a type of endoscopy used to examine the inside of the colon and rectum. Both procedures are usually done to diagnose and treat conditions such as abdominal pain, bleeding, or changes in bowel habits. They are typically performed by a gastroenterologist, a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the digestive system.

Hepatobiliary surgery is a type of surgery that involves the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and other organs in the biliary system. One of the common procedures in hepatobiliary surgery is cholecystectomy, which is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. It is usually performed to treat gallstones or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder.

Cholangiogram is a type of X-ray test that is performed to visualize the bile ducts. It can be done through two ways, Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTC) or Endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram (ERC) which are both done under fluoroscopic guidance, PTC is done by inserting a needle through the skin and into the liver to access the bile ducts, while ERC is done by passing a flexible tube through the mouth and into the small intestine to access the bile ducts.

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract surgery, also known as colorectal surgery, is a subspecialty of surgery that focuses on the surgical treatment of conditions affecting the lower portion of the GI tract, including the colon and rectum. Common procedures in lower GI surgery include:

• Colectomy: the surgical removal of all or part of the colon.
• Proctectomy: the surgical removal of all or part of the rectum.
• Anterior resection: the surgical removal of a portion of the rectum along with the surrounding lymph nodes.
• Hemorrhoidectomy: the surgical removal of hemorrhoids, which are swollen veins in the rectum and anus.
• Anal fistula surgery: the surgical repair of an abnormal connection between the anus and the skin.

Lower GI surgeries are performed to treat conditions such as colon cancer, rectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diverticulitis, and hemorrhoids. These procedures are typically performed by a colorectal surgeon, a specialist who has expertise in the surgical treatment of the colon and rectum.

Trauma surgery is a surgical subspecialty that deals with the management of injuries caused by sudden and severe physical trauma, such as car accidents, falls, and gunshot wounds. Trauma surgeons are responsible for stabilizing critically injured patients and performing surgery to repair or remove damaged tissue, bones, and organs.

Surgeons may perform a wide range of procedures, such as:

• Exploratory laparotomy: an abdominal surgery to assess the extent of internal injuries and to repair or remove damaged organs.
• Craniotomy: a surgery to remove a portion of the skull to access the brain and treat traumatic brain injuries
• Thoracotomy: a surgery to access the chest and treat injuries to the lungs, heart and great vessels
• Fracture repair: a surgery to repair broken bones, such as those in the arms, legs, or spine.
• Vascular surgery: surgery to repair or replace damaged blood vessels

Surgeons work in close collaboration with other specialists such as Anesthesiologists, Radiologists, Intensivists and other surgical subspecialists depending on the injuries and the condition of the patient. They also work closely with emergency medical services (EMS) teams to ensure that critically injured patients receive prompt and appropriate care.

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract surgery, also known as oesophago-gastric surgery, is a surgical subspecialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of conditions affecting the upper portion of the GI tract, including the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. Common procedures in upper GI surgery include:

• Oesophagectomy: the surgical removal of all or part of the oesophagus, which is the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
• Gastrectomy: the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach.
• Vagotomy: the surgical cutting of the vagus nerve, which regulates stomach acid production.
• Fundoplication: a surgery that wraps a portion of the stomach around the lower end of the oesophagus to prevent acid reflux.
• Hernia repair: surgery to repair a hernia, which is a bulging of an organ or tissue through a weak point in the muscle wall.

Upper GI surgeries are performed to treat conditions such as oesophageal cancer, gastric cancer, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and hiatal hernia. These procedures are typically performed by a upper GI surgeon, a specialist who has expertise in the surgical treatment of the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum.